|
Dr. Catharine Alice MacKinnon (natural 7 October 1946) is a American feminist, scholar, lawyer, teacher, and activist. She was educated at Smith College (B.A., 1969), Yale Law School (J.D., 1977) and Yale University Graduate School (Ph.D. in political science, 1987). When of 2004, she is the Elizabeth A. Long Prof of Law at a University of Michigan Law School and is as well an extended-semipermanent Camping Professor of Law at a University of Chicago.
Career
The advocate of "feminism unmodified," the form of feminism distinguished from, for instance, Marxist or liberal approaches, MacKinnon wrote ''Towards a Women's liberationist Theory of the State, an analysis of the subordination of women to men within terms of gender focusing on the relationship between noesis & power, focusing on the state, equally exemplified by law, as a form of male power.
MacKinnon published within 1979 her path-breaking survey, "Sexual Harassment of Working Women", arguing that sexual harassment is a form of sexual discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and any other sex discrimination prohibition. Her argument, number 1 accepted per court the decade prior to, was adopted by the United States Supreme Court around Meritor Economy Bank v. Vinson'', a example in which she was co-guidance & for which she wrote the brief.
Using Andrea Dworkin, and at the asking of vicinity, MacKinnon drafted a proposal for a law that defined pornography as a civil rights violation against women, & allowed women to sue the producers and distributors of porno around a civil court for redress. Around 1983 the ordinance was passed in Indianapolis, but wwhen subsequently overturned as unconstitutional by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals's ruling in U.s. Booksellers Association, Inc. v. Hudnut.
MacKinnon rejected arguments against porno according to morality. Dworkin & MacKinnon instead defined porn when: "the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures or words" that likewise includes the specific listing of concrete presentations ranging from either objectification to extreme violence. A Supreme Court of Canada largely accepted MacKinnon’s theories of equality, hatred propaganda, & porn. MacKinnon represented Linda Susan Boreman (better known under her stage title of Linda Lovelace) from 1980 until her dying within 2002.
MacKinnon has represented Bosnian & Croatian women against Serbs accused of race murder since 1992. She was co-guidance, representing known as complainant S. Kadic, in the cause Kadic v. Karadzic and won a jury finding of fact of $745 million inside Future York City inside 2000. Kadic was a number 1 experience to recognize rape as an work of racial extermination; a causa (under a United States' Alien Tort Statute) also established forced harlotry & forced impregnation when legally actionable acts of race murder. Around MacKinnon’s learn from, traditional approaches to human being rights gloss above abuses specific to women (e.g., intimate violence), two around wartime & peacetime.
Around 2001, MacKinnon was known as co-director of the Lawyers Alliance for Women (LAW) Task, an initiative of Equality Nowadays, an international non-governmental organization.
Publications
Sexual Harassment of Working Women : The Out break of Sex Discrimination (1979) ISBN 0300022999
Feminism Unmodified: Discourses in Life & Law (1987) ISBN 0674298748
Porno & Civil Rights: The Newly Day for Womens' Equality (1988) ISBN 096218490X
Toward the Feminist Theory of the State (1989) ISBN 0674896467
Just Words (1993) ISBN 0674639332
Within Harm’s Way: A Erotica Civil Rights Hearings (by having Andrea Dworkin, 1997) ISBN 0674445791
Sex Equality (2001) ISBN 1566624797
Sex Equality: Sexual Harassment (2003) ISBN 1587785641
Sex Equality: Lesbian & Homosexual Rights (2003) ISBN 1587785633
Directions around Sexual Harassment Law (2003) ISBN 0300098006
Women's Populates, Men's Laws (2005) ISBN 0674015401
Court cases
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986) See [http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/hudnut.html Alternate URL]
[http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/hudnut.html American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut] [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/vaw00/hudnut.html Alternate URL] 771 F.2nd 323 (Seventh Cir. 1985), aff’d, 475 U.S. 1001 (1986)
Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia [1989] 1 S.C.R. 143
R. v. Keegstra, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 697 , Look at likewise James Keegstra
R. v. Butler, [1992] 1 S.C.R. 452
[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diana/karadzic/4298-12.html Kadic v Karadzic] [http://laws.lp.findlaw.com/2nd/949035.html Alternate URL] Seventy F.Third 232 (2d Cir. 1995), Relistening Denied, 74 F.Third 377 (Second Cir. 1996) Cert. Denied 518 U.S. 1005 (1996).
See Also
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services MacKinnon filed an amicus brief in support of the plaintiff, Joseph Oncale.
Doe v. Karadzic (93 Civ. 878). [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diana/cases.htm Alternate URL, note Kadic in Subject Matter Jurisdiction]
|